The sources I have found range from scientific studies about the effects of MDMA and Psilocybin to newspieces about the current legalization trajectories of these substances in specifically North America. The first source I knew of and immediately added was the site maps.org otherwise known as Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies which was an organization designed specifically for the study of psychedelics in a clinical setting. I knew of this organization prior to my research because it has become quite famous for the amount of money it raised this past year from private donations. This source is at the forefront for psychedelic research mainly because they have the funding to actually run research trials. Most researchers who want to do studies with psychedelics struggle in finding someone to fund them so most of the new reputable studies come straight from MAPS. This source and its various studies will make the backbone of my paper analyzing the basics of these substances to better understand them. The main focal point of my paper will be what we understand already about these substances so good research trials are integral for this to be accomplished. I have another study that analyzed the current climate regarding psychedelics which was found on NCBI (which is the National Library of Medicine). This study is good because it helps me clarify the different factors that psychedelics have to overcome even with empirical studies of positive effects. It will also be integral in my paper because it will help me conceptualize the former studies on these psychedelics and their effects and link that with the legalization process that are transpiring around North America. I have added to this repertoire three different common news organizations perspectives on the issue of psychedelic legalization. They are unfortunately all left leaning organizations, Rolling Stone, Vox, and Vice respectively. It would be helpful to have a convservative viewpoint but in regards to psychedelics it is difficult to find one that is not rampant with stereotypes and misinformation. These three articles will help me paint the picture of the legalization process and give it the social perspective I believe psychedelics need in order to better be understood. I have paired this with two final sources. The first is an op-ed from the NYTimes about why NOT to legalize Psychedelic mushrooms which is important to my paper to diversify the viewpoints. The final resource is the California Psilocybin Decriminalization Initiative which I believe is an important part of what is going on politically and socially within California. It will help my paper by showing what a petition in favor of psychedelics is really asking by showing a real example of one. This will tie out my whole paper by providing a real life example of the base behind psychedelics and how they wield their intentions. I considered using another article from Fox News about the recent Oregon Psilocybin option for legalization on their ballot but it was so hard to find a good place in my paper for it because of the fact that their bias is so hard to ignore. I settled on trying to find something from another new source as I think that would help me form a better paper and I ended up with an Op-Ed from the NYTimes. I think I may be missing some more impressive sources in regards to my legalization articles and I think I will do some more digging in regards to that because there is so much that is going on in the small political realms across North America that those three articles may not do the scope of interest justice. 

Bibliography:

• Byock, Ira. “Taking Psychedelics Seriously.” Journal of Palliative Medicine, vol. 21, no. 4, Apr. 2018, pp. 417–421, 10.1089/jpm.2017.0684.
• “Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies.” MAPS, 2019, maps.org/.
• Margolin, Shelby Hartman, Madison, et al. “First, It Was Weed — Now, Voters Have a Chance for Legal Psychedelics.” Rolling Stone, 23 Oct. 2020, www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/lsd-psilocybin-psychedelics-legal-ballot-election-1079488/.
• Lopez, German. “2020’s Psychedelic Drug Ballot Measures, Explained.” Vox, 20 Oct. 2020, www.vox.com/future-perfect/21509465/psychedelic-magic-mushrooms-psilocybin-medical-legalization-decriminalization-oregon-washington-dc. Accessed 26 Oct. 2020.
• Semely, John. “After Legal Win, What’s Next for Magic Mushrooms?” Www.Vice.Com, 17 Aug. 2020, www.vice.com/en/article/jgxkwg/after-legal-win-whats-next-for-magic-mushrooms.
• “Home.” Decriminalize California, decrimca.org/?v=f24485ae434a. Accessed 26 Oct. 2020.
• Pollan, Michael. “Opinion | Michael Pollan: Not So Fast on Psychedelic Mushrooms.” The New York Times, 10 May 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/05/10/opinion/denver-mushrooms-psilocybin.html.

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I have read and reviewed nine articles that could potentially help me write my research paper that is about divorce. Six of the articles are from general search engines, and three are from databases.

The first source I found was on a website that advertised family attorneys. I understand that this may create bias in their word choices, but I did find a lot of useful statistics on their page that will help me introduce my topic. My next source is from a nonprofit that talks about the effects of divorce on a child’s education. This will be useful for me because it outlines many short and long term effects regarding a child’s learning ability as well as their interaction with others in academia. I also used the Verywell Family website which gave a brief description of the different responses between young children, grade school children, and adolescents. Since the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child defines a child as “a human being below the age of 18 years”, this distinction within the term “child” can help my research be more specific when it comes to certain effects. This website also talks about the potential mental and behavioral problems a child might encounter after a divorce which serves as good information for my topic. 

For my scholarly sources, I first went to Gale Academic OneFile, and found the article “Helping children survive divorce”. This article is relevant to my topic because it went through all of the aspects parents should take after a divorce to ensure that their child is well. This article also gave some statistics which will be helpful for me to include in my paper. Then I used JSTOR and found two similar but very useful book excerpts. Both of these books talked about how divorce itself wasn’t necessarily what traumatizes a child, but more so certain aspects postdivorce. Both of these excerpts included inter-parental conflict, parenting, and parent’s mental health. One goes into detail about how genetic effects may affect a child’s reaction as well as policies such as child custody and child support. The other talks about the financial impact of the divorce and children’s own perceptions about the divorce. Since both of these works have been published they are very reliable and also go into a lot of depth into the research I’m doing. These two excerpts have been the most useful to me so far.

There are two sources that I decided to discard. The first is a source from the Journal of Adolescent Health. I decided not to use this because their research is inconclusive and they clearly express that they have a lot more knowns than unknowns. Therefore, this would not add anything to my paper. The other source that I decided not to use is an article from NY Times that is dated to be from 1984. I actually really wanted to use this article because it talked about the short term effects of divorce on young children versus older adolescents that are still considered children. It discussed the mental health of both groups after five years and ten years and found interesting conclusions. However, as much as I wanted to use this information, it is outdated, and when writing a research paper, it’s best to use sources preferably within ten years. Also, after reading the scholarly articles I’ve mentioned before, it reminded me that the methodologies of this time may be very different from the present, and thus may also have impacted this research. In the end, I decided it would be best to rely on a more recent article.

One of the sources that I’m not sure about using is the one I found on APA Psyc Net which has findings that indicate that nonresident fatherhood leads to an earlier sexual debut for girls that is likely explained by weak parental monitoring rather than an accelerated reproductive strategy. Although this book may hold some interesting information about divorce and its effects on young girls, I believe that a lot of what may be talked about, such as the weak parental monitoring, has already been covered in the scholarly sources I have previously mentioned.

My research is missing one more scholarly article. I also noticed that I have a lot more information about the short term effects of divorce and comparably less information on long term effects. Therefore, I plan to find a scholarly article that focuses on these long term effects I’m missing.

Bibliography;

“Divorce Statistics and Facts: What Affects Divorce Rates in the U.S.?” Wilkinson & Finkbeiner, LLP, 12 Aug. 2020, www.wf-lawyers.com/divorce-statistics-and-facts/. 

“Effects of Divorce on Children’s Education.” Effects of Divorce on Children’s Education [Marripedia], marripedia.org/effects_of_divorce_on_children_s_education. 

Morin, Amy. “The Psychological Effects of Divorce on Children.” Verywell Family, 6 Aug. 2019, www.verywellfamily.com/psychological-effects-of-divorce-on-kids-4140170. 

Sammons, William A. H., and Jennifer Lewis. “Helping children survive divorce.” Contemporary Pediatrics, vol. 18, no. 3, Mar. 2001, p. 103. Gale Academic OneFile, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A72698971/AONE?u=cuny_ccny&sid=AONE&xid=a591d0f9. Accessed 26 Oct. 2020.

Lansford, Jennifer E. “Parental Divorce and Children’s Adjustment.” JSTOR, Sage Publications, Inc., Mar. 2009, www.jstor.org/stable/40212308. 

Rappaport, Sol R. “Deconstructing the Impact of Divorce on Children.” JSTOR, American Bar Association, 2013, www.jstor.org/stable/24576133. 

Donahue, Kelly, et al. “Early Exposure to Parents’ Relationship Instability: Implications for Sexual Behavior and Depression in Adolescence.” Journal of Adolescent Health, 11 June 2010, www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(10)00203-X/fulltext. 

Blakeslee, Sandra. “MAJOR STUDY ASSESSES THE CHILDREN OF DIVORCE.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 10 Apr. 1984, www.nytimes.com/1984/04/10/science/major-study-assesses-the-children-of-divorce-by-sandra-blakeslee.html. 

Ryan, R. M. “APA PsycNet.” American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association, 2015, doi.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fa0038562. 

How does broken window policing affect crime and quality of life in American cities?
Broken windows policing is a way of policing where they focus on eliminating small disorders such as graffiti and loitering to lower more serious crimes like robbery. It is a theory where disorder attracts a sense that the area is not under control which allows for people to commit a crime.

Most of my sources came from google scholar and google search itself. The first source I have picked from google scholar is a website from George Mason University center for evidence-based crime policy. This source is deemed viable and very trustworthy just from the list of their own resources which also helped me in finding some scholarly sources. It talks about what broken window policing is right away and then provided various examples and evidence of broken windows policing and how well they worked as well as any off variables that could have made the broken windows policing fail. That would greatly help me in my research as it easily lists a few key points already. It lists 7 examples of the policing theory with 3 successful results, 3 with no significant result, and one that had a mixed result of both, which is very balanced in terms of if broken windows policing will affect crime and quality of life in America with great results or none at all.

The second scholarly source is a civic report made by multiple people involved in criminal justice and police institutions. It is a fantastic analysis of everything police-related starting from the beginning questioning of the impact of police. It compares zero-tolerance policing against broken windows policing. Zero tolerance policing is completely different because it is the police following very strictly on the law and will punish people no matter how small of a crime they have committed to lower crime rates. This source analyzes multiple examples of both theories and will help immensely with my research in comparing how much of an effect the broken window policing has compared to other ways of policing.

The third scholarly source is a critical analysis of the Broken windows policing in new york city and its impact which resembles very closely to my research question. There are detailed observations made and said in this source which includes how the broken windows policing had consistently linked to declines in violent crime. Several other observations and analysis also proved to be very useful in my research and helps to present factual evidence of the positive effects on broken windows policing.

The last three sources are based on magazines, journals, and news. All of which I have found a great use for evidence and support several ideas. One of which talks about how unstable and murky the broken windows policing is and even gives way for racial profiling within communities, they provide thoughts from many people questioning how far stretched is the idea of people going towards violence all because of litter and other small disorders. Other sources talk about other justice programs that incorporate the broken windows theory ending with success, which gives me another idea to include in my research essay.

I have skimmed through the titles of many sources presented to me on google scholar and had only clicked on 4 that I am currently using because of its relation to my topic. I chose not to use several media sources because it was too general and didn’t contain anything special from other sources. I don’t believe I am missing anything in my research so far or at least I have not thought about it.

Bibliography-

Kelling, George, et al. “Do Police Matter? An analysis of the Impact of New York City’s Police Reforms.” Civic Report, 22 December 2001, https://media4.manhattan-institute.org/pdf/cr_22.pdf.

C. Kamalu, Ngozi, et al. “A Critical Analysis of the ‘Broken Windows’ Policing in New York City and Its Impact: Implications for the Criminal Justice System and the
African American Community” African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies: AJCJS, April 2018, https://www.umes.edu/uploadedFiles/_WEBSITES/AJCJS/Content/VOL%2011%20KAMALU%20FINAL.pdf

E. Harcourt, Bernard, et al. “Broken Windows: New Evidence from New York City and a Five-City Social Experiment.” The Law School The University of Chicago, June 2005, https://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=968120070017098018064091015076094081127015066012065038099102065095067122118102086000019101125033110002058119102114066024085031049006061031086012079074084070119009016039084127000026116082116112118004087119086105076097086120024071005101122027031025&EXT=pdf.

“Broken Windows Policing.”The Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy (CEBCP), cebcp.org/evidence-based-policing/what-works-in-policing/research-evidence-review/broken-windows-policing/.

Kelling, George, et al. “Don’t Blame My ‘Broken Windows’ Theory For Poor Policing.” POLITICO Magazine, 11 Aug. 2015, www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/08/broken-windows-theory-poor-policing-ferguson-kelling-121268.

Matt DeLisi, Coordinator of Criminal Justice Studies, Dean’s Professor in the Department of Sociology. “Broken Windows Works.” City Journal, 30 May 2019, www.city-journal.org/broken-windows-policing-works.

O’Brien, Dan. “Break the ‘Broken Windows’ Spell: The Policing Theory Made Famous in New York City under Giuliani and Bratton Doesn’t Hold up to Scrutiny.” Nydailynews.com, 26 May 2019, www.nydailynews.com/opinion/ny-oped-break-the-broken-windows-spell-20190526-ulwcdd7fnjg4fgv6dnskls6vhi-story.html.

The sources that I have compiled thus far for my research paper consists of four scholarly sources and three media sources. I was able to extract these scholarly sources from the Gale Academic OneFile database and my media sources were gathered from online websites. The scholarly sources were all peer-reviewed and provided significant references to the subject. The media sources provided in-depth analysis backed up by statistics and factual context.

 The article “ Is a STEM degree a good investment ” discusses the growing demand for college graduates in STEM fields. STEM careers are generally rewarding in the sense of the economic outcome these careers provide to graduates. Although the science field does not show a significant improvement from non STEM degrees, the other fields of STEM show a substantial gap in the annual earnings in comparison to other degrees. This article allows me to strengthen the argument of the benefits of pursuing a college education specifically by describing the different STEM fields that students can pursue. The article “ Does that college diploma really matter for success? ” discusses varying perspectives of the college education system. The article describes the employment opportunities that a college degree provides to those who pursue a career through college. However, the article also discusses the student debt that accumulates from receiving a college education and how this results in hindering the life choices of graduates. The article concludes with the argument of a college degree not being a complete necessity to obtain a job as there are businesses that hire those without a college education. This article will help strengthen my research essay as it provides information from both sides of the argument of my research question. The article “ How student debt became a $1.6 trillion crisis ” discusses a social issue that directly correlates to my essay about the college education system as discussed previously. The article provides a historical context to student debt in the country and it connects the dilemma to the negative impact it has on the lives of graduates. This article will help me connect my research question to another social dilemma that is closely related to it which will help strengthen my essay. 

The scholarly article “ Social and Economic Returns to College Education in the United States ” statistically analyzes the economic benefit a college degree has on individuals in comparison to those without a degree. The article also discusses the growing costs of attending college as well as the impact that a college education has on the community and the positive health outcomes this higher education has on individuals. This article has allowed me to identify various subtopics under my research question which will help strengthen my essay. The scholarly article “ College degree for everyone? ” analyzes the overall costs of higher education, the financing for higher education, as well as the success of individuals paying back their student loans. This article will help me strengthen my essay by providing my research question a deeper connection to the related dilemma of student loans in the United States. The scholarly article “ High costs, uncertain benefits: what do Americans without a college degree think about postsecondary education ” analyzes the perspectives of those who did not pursue a college education in the United States through a twenty-minute survey that was conducted. This article will strengthen my essay in recognizing society’s opinion on higher education and how these viewpoints compare and contrast with one another. The fourth scholarly article “ What can you do with that degree? College major and occupational status of college graduates over time ” analyzes the information gathered from studies conducted regarding the economic outcome of college graduates and how the market treats those with college degrees to those without a degree. This article will help provide a deeper understanding of college education to my research essay as it also compares the different fields that people pursue through college and the economic status of these college graduates over time.

A source that I originally found but discarded was the scholarly article ” Employee education and job performance: does education matter? ” due to the article being published in 1989 which hinders its validity compared to my other sources. A source that I am considering using is the webpage “Is a college education worth it” by ProCon.org because it provides a detailed list of pros and cons of the college education system. I can use this because it provides more information for my essay when discussing the countering arguments. Research that I believe can further strengthen my essay is to discuss more of the social aspect of the quality of life of college graduates and non-college graduates. 

Bibliography

Hout, Michael. “Social and Economic Returns to College Education in the United States.” Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 38, 2012, pp. 379–400., www.jstor.org/stable/23254601. Accessed 24 Oct. 2020.

Strohush, Vitaliy, and Justin Wanner. “College degree for everyone?” International Advances in Economic Research, vol. 21, no. 3, 2015, p. 261+. Gale Academic OneFile, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A427959612/AONE?u=cuny_ccny&sid=AONE&xid=e2ab3d21. Accessed 24 Oct. 2020.

Kelly, Andrew P. “High costs, uncertain benefits: what do americans without a college degree think about postsecondary education?” AEI Paper & Studies, American Enterprise Institute, 2015, p. Fi+. Gale Academic OneFile, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A436889727/AONE?u=cuny_ccny&sid=AONE&xid=1cfb4971. Accessed 24 Oct. 2020.

Roksa, Josipa, and Tania Levey. “What can you do with that degree? College major and occupational status of college graduates over time.” Social Forces, vol. 89, no. 2, 2010, p. 389+. Gale Academic OneFile, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A247339518/AONE?u=cuny_ccny&sid=AONE&xid=315fedb7. Accessed 24 Oct. 2020.

Abigail J Hess. “How Student Debt Became a $1.6 Trillion Crisis.” CNBC, CNBC, 12 June 2020, www.cnbc.com/2020/06/12/how-student-debt-became-a-1point6-trillion-crisis.html.

“Is a STEM Degree a Good Investment?” Value Colleges, www.valuecolleges.com/resources/faqs/is-a-stem-degree-a-good-investment/.

Smale, Thomas. “Does That College Diploma Really Matter for Success?” Entrepreneur, 3 May 2017, www.entrepreneur.com/article/293676.

In this report I will break down each of my sources based on where they were published, how they influence the course of the essay, and the informational value they contribute. I have selected eleven sources in total, five scholarly articles from academic journals, four popular media sources, one government-funded research institute article, and finally one nonprofit/nonpartisan organization source. I ultimately excluded a journal article titled “A pandemic of the poor: social disadvantage and the U.S. HIV epidemic” published in 2013. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3700367/) While it did focus on the socioeconomic, cultural, and political effects of the HIV epidemic, it failed to provide any evidence relating to crime needed to correlate with the Covid-19 crisis and the objective of my essay.

My first source is my model essay, “Has Covid-19 Changed Crime? Crime Rates in the United States during the Pandemic.” This is a journal article I located by selecting a link in the explore more section of the Gale Academic Onefile while researching another. The format of this essay is very well outlined with an abstract, introduction, two sub sections and a conclusion. I like how clear and easy to follow the article is arranged as well as the information provided corresponding to my topic. Specifically, the idea the authors present that any reported decrease in crime is deceiving as it correlates with minor offenses, leaving space for the notable increase in violent and more severe law-breaking.

“How Are Substance Abuse and Violence Related,” was written by a licensed Psychologist for Psychology Today and located through a google search. The author provides not only relatively well-known data suggesting that alcohol and drug use are linked to violent acts but also brings to light how substances also increase the risk of becoming a victim of violence. In the beginning months of the Coronavirus pandemic, there was a socially acceptable movement of increased alcohol consumption across the country with wine and liquor markets even being deemed essential businesses. It is an interesting perspective to consider; if the lowered inhibitions of our population as a whole contributed to more accessible crime.

Dr. Nora Volkow wrote “Research at the Intersection of HIV with Substance Use Disorders amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic” for the National Institute on Drug Abuse, a federal government research institute. Another media article found in the same focused google search, it offers useful information with statements such as: “there is great opportunity for HIV and addiction researchers to make important advances in understanding how COVID-19 intersects with substance use, the opioid epidemic, and HIV.” The reason this is significant is the ability to parallel the increased crime rates in the late 80’s and early 90’s due to the HIV/AIDS epidemic and those in question now during Covid-19.

“The improbable transformation of inner-city neighborhoods: crime, violence, drugs, and youth in the 1990s,” is another academic journal article located with Gale Academic Onefile. Dating back to 1998 following the height of the HIV and crack cocaine epidemics, I am uncertain whether I will use it or not. Its connection to my essay is marginal with the bulk of the report angled toward the reduction of crime rates in Brooklyn following the eighties and what actions inspired that shift opposed to the increased crime that transpired beforehand. I am open to another more strongly associated article that could replace this one should the essay feel light in this section.

Matthew Ashby penned a research article for a publication called Crime Science in May of 2020 titled, “Initial evidence on the relationship between the coronavirus pandemic and crime in the United States.” It was located by searching the Gale Academic Onefile and focuses on the first 16 weeks of the pandemic. The data collected in this research shows an insignificant change to crime rates during that period; which leads my investigation toward other explanations for the rise in crime statistics shortly after. This aids in transitioning the essay from stay-at-home order substance use into the next possibility of early release inmates impacting misconduct in late spring and early summer.

Another scholarly report found in Onefile was “The effect of prison releases on regional crime rates.” A statistical data report written for Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs and is a very thorough assessment of nationally compiled data. It provides an excess of usable information such as, “To summarize the results…releasing prison inmates is associated with increases in crime. We find positive significant effects of prison releases on the overall violent and property crime rates and for most of the individual felony offenses.” However, this study was conducted several years prior to the Covid-19 pandemic.

The ACLU is a national nonprofit organization that defends the civil liberties of the American people. In the article “Decarceration and Crime During Covid-19” published on their website in July of 2020, they offer an opposing view to the previous article. For example, “Over this time period, we found that the reduction in jail population was functionally unrelated to crime trends in the following months. In fact, in nearly every city explored, fewer crimes occurred between March and May in 2020 compared to the same time period in 2019, regardless of the magnitude of the difference in jail population.”  I chose this article to represent a conflicting stance and bridge the third transition in my research essay allowing the third potential factor to be introduced here.

The next three articles are open web sources, two from The New York Times and one from The Huffington Post. “A Violent August in N.Y.C.: Shootings Double, and Murder is Up by 50%,” is a Times article that exposes the “steep rise in gun violence that has intensified the debate over policing,” published in the Race and America section. A feature piece that is meant to stir up emotion and call attention to frightening crime numbers and what could be behind them, it was the article that initially marked my interest in the topic. The information gathered here will help segue into the consideration of recent protests and calls to defund the police being a reason for the reported uptick in crime.

“Don’t Blame BLM For The Rise In Violent Crime. The Real Reason Is Much More Interesting” written for The Huffington Post and “Gun Violence Spikes in N.Y.C., Intensifying Debate Over Policing,” for the Times, both give opposing examples of consequences of defunding the police in the wake of surging activism against police brutality.

Finally, the academic source “To reduce the harm: On defunding the police” published in the Times Literary Supplement this August, is written by Professor of Criminology at Oxford University: Ian Loader. Professor Loader gives a detailed evaluation of the Black Lives Matter Movement and what actions should be taken by law enforcement going forward. He summarizes, “The police can contribute to secure belonging…extending, and experimenting with, deliberative institutions that give Black and minority ethnic groups an equal voice in determining what safety and justice is, and the means by which it is legitimately provided.”

It is here where I will possibly incorporate a not yet secured source on fluctuating crime rates throughout history if the conclusion of my essay requires that kind of supporting information to polish it, although it may not be necessary.

Works Cited

ACLU, “Decarceration and Crime During Covid-19.” American Civil Liberties Union, 27 Jul. 2020, https://www.aclu.org/news/smart-justice/decarceration-and-crime-during-covi19/. Accessed 18 Oct. 2020

Ashby, Matthew P. J. “Initial evidence on the relationship between the coronavirus pandemic and crime in the United States.” Crime Science, vol. 9, no. 1, 2020, p. NA. Gale Academic OneFile, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A624351034/AONE?u=cuny_ccny&sid=AONE&xid=86a8b973. Accessed 11 Oct. 2020.

Boman, John H., and Owen Gallupe, “Has COVID-19 Changed Crime? Crime Rates in the United States during the Pandemic.” Am J Crim Just 45, 537–545 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09551-3. Accessed 18, Oct 2020.

Curtis, Richard. “The improbable transformation of inner-city neighborhoods: crime, violence, drugs, and youth in the 1990s.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, vol. 88, no. 4, Summer 1998, p. 1233. Gale Academic OneFile, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A54700680/AONE?u=cuny_ccny&sid=AONE&xid=7d939bce. Accessed 18 Oct. 2020.

Hobbs, Michael. “Don’t Blame BLM For The Rise In Violent Crime. The Real Reason Is Much More Interesting.” The Huffington Post, 19 Jul. 2020, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dont-blame-the-rise-in-violent-crime-on-protesters_n_5f122c8bc5b6cec246c294f3. Accessed 18 Oct. 2020

Loader, Ian. “To reduce the harm: On defunding the police.” TLS. Times Literary Supplement, no. 6124, 2020, p. 10+. Gale Academic OneFile, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A632770147/AONE?u=cuny_ccny&sid=AONE&xid=60d033b4. Accessed 18 Oct. 2020.

NIDA. “Research at the Intersection of HIV with Substance Use Disorders amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic.” National Institute on Drug Abuse, 28 Jul. 2020,   https://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/noras-blog/2020/07/research-intersection-hiv-substance-use-disorders-amidst-covid-19-pandemic. Accessed 18 Oct. 2020.

Raphael, Steven, and Michael A. Stoll. “The effect of prison releases on regional crime rates.” Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs, Annual 2004, p. 207+. Gale Academic OneFile, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A303451041/AONE?u=cuny_ccny&sid=AONE&xid=1671c8ad. Accessed 18 Oct. 2020.

Southall, Ashley, and Neil MacFarquhar. “Gun Violence Spikes in N.Y.C., Intensifying Debate Over Policing.” The New York Times, Published 23 Jun. 2020, Updated 24, Aug. 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/23/nyregion/nyc-shootings-surge.html. Accessed 11 Oct. 2020.

Vitelli, Romeo. “How Are Substance Abuse and Violence Related.” Psychology Today, 08 Mar. 2018, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/media-spotlight/201803/how-are-substance-abuse-and-violence-related. Accessed 18 Oct. 2020.

Zaveri, Mihir. “A Violent August in N.Y.C.: Shootings Double, and Murder is Up by 50%.” The New York Times. 02 Sept. 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/02/nyregion/nyc-shootings-murders.html. Accessed 11, Oct. 2020.

The last week, we are finalized our research question and start our research with some scholarly sources. Also, I found a scholarly source to model my essay. But this week, I am working with my academic sources and gathering some information as much as I can. Also, I am going through some social media (Facebook, Instagram, Youtube) to find some posts that are related to my topic. 

The first source that I found is “Never go out alone” is published in September 2015. One of the authors is Nichole Branda, who is under the University of Maryland. The authors provided their work citations at the end of the article. That helps us to understand the credibility of the source. I found this article in the gale academic one file that is a great source to find some journal articles. This article provides some information about how girls can reduce the risk of rape or their life by using different methods. This article shares some ideas as girls need to alert of their surroundings when they walk or in a vehicle that supports my thoughts. Another source that I found is “Memory of pictures of sexual assault: Sensitive maintenance of ambiguous stimuli” by Jan Hendrick Peters. It is a reliable source because it is just recently published this year, July 29, 2020. This source is peer-reviewed by the journals or experts in this field. The authors provided their work citations at the end of the article.  The purpose of this article is to inform the audience of how a sexual attack can generate fear in women’s minds. I found this source in the gale academic one file. This article supports my ideas because women have to face so many ambiguous situations that contribute significantly to women’s fear of sexual harassment.

I found a source from the gale academic one file that is about what society thoughts about girls. The name of the source is “Bad girls get raped, good girls go to heaven” by Asante Lucy Mtenje. This article is a great source of gender inequality, culture, religion, family, and other genocide. But this article doesn’t fit the criteria of my research. My research had much to do with how to combat rape. But this article doesn’t have that much information that I can be reliable with it. 

I found another source that is in the gale academic one file. Most of the sources I found from this website. The name of the article is, “They all laughed at me and if I enjoy having sex with those guys” by  Siyabulela Eric Mgolozeli and Sinegugu Evidence Duma. It is a great source and has a lot of information that fits my criteria. This article also provides some good topics such as self-protection from rape and killed, seeking justice, family support, and encouragement. The reason I am confused is that this article is talking about a boy who gets raped. But I think both men and women can get raped. But the methods the article used about how to protect us from being raped or killed. I believe these methods can be used by both men and women. So, I am a little bit confused if I can use this source. 

I start to find some social media posts to add some more information to my research. This week I am working with this but still didn’t find some good sources that fit my criteria. I think social media sources are missing in my research. I am looking for some information about what different NGO’s are doing to stop this crime. 

                                                                 Work Citation

Bedera, Nicole, and Kristjane Nordmeyer. “‘Never Go Out Alone’: An Analysis of College Rape Prevention Tips.” Sexuality and Culture, vol. 19, no. 3, 2015, p. 533+. Gale Academic OneFile, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A423856435/AONE?u=cuny_ccny&sid=AONE&xid=92c7a12e. Accessed 21 Oct. 2020.

Peters, Jan Hendrik, and Michael Hock. “Memory for pictures of sexual assault: Sensitive maintenance of ambiguous stimuli.” PLoS ONE, vol. 15, no. 7, 2020, p. e0236873. Gale Academic OneFile, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A630938579/AONE?u=cuny_ccny&sid=AONE&xid=96990fc9. Accessed 21

Mgolozeli, Siyabulela Eric, and Sinegugu Evidence Duma. “‘They all laughed and asked me if I enjoyed having sex with those guys’: Exploring men’s lived experiences when reporting rape to police in South Africa.” PLoS ONE, vol. 15, no. 8, 2020, p. e0235044. Gale Academic OneFile, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A633157699/AONE?u=cuny_ccny&sid=AONE&xid=9ce25224. Accessed 21 Oct. 2020.

Crowe, Jonathan, and Bri Lee. “THE MISTAKE OF FACT EXCUSE IN QUEENSLAND RAPE LAW: SOME PROBLEMS AND PROPOSALS FOR REFORM.” University of Queensland Law Journal, vol. 39, no. 1, June 2020, p. 1+. Gale Academic OneFile, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A628069869/AONE?u=cuny_ccny&sid=AONE&xid=8ac755e5. Accessed 21 Oct. 2020.

Bedera, Nicole, and Kristjane Nordmeyer. “‘Never Go Out Alone’: An Analysis of College Rape Prevention Tips.” Sexuality and Culture, vol. 19, no. 3, 2015, p. 533+. Gale Academic OneFile, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A423856435/AONE?u=cuny_ccny&sid=AONE&xid=92c7a12e. Accessed 21 Oct. 2020

My sources are found in different sections, some of them are through articles of “Academic One File”, and “Opposing Viewpoints in Context” (from the CCNY page). Others come from other reliable websites. However, all of them are trustworthy because they either are peer-reviewed, authored by scholars, contain a bibliography, or elements of a scholarly source.

I found three popular media sources and six scholarly sources. In the popular media sources of “‘A lack of evidence for six times more anxiety and depression in US graduate students than in the general population” and its “Reply,” they both argue the rate of depression among graduate students, which show an opposite viewpoint, and how each of them uses their resources to support their arguments. Next, ” Depression and College Students” briefly describes the causes and effects of depression among college teens while also including some basic treatments. All these sources can help me support my paper on the topic of depression, some of them contain arguments (opposite views), while others illustrate the concept of depression.

As well, my scholarly sources provide deep knowledge of the issue of anxiety because each of them explains with further detail and shows a specific cause and treatment for each one. The articles ” Suicide and depression among college students: A decade later” and “Depression, Delinquency, and Suicidal Behaviors Among College Students” both show a connection between depression and suicide, which emphasizes that their emotional states influence their behavioral responses. Next, “Behavioral problems and their relationship to maternal depression, marital relationships, social skills and parenting” shows the differences in groups of people from different backgrounds and religions manage the issue differently because of their beliefs and views. While in the article, “The Relationship between Insecure Attachment to Depression: Mediating Role of Sleep and Cognitive Reappraisal” shows a big link between sleep quality and depression. Moreover, there are two other articles written by the same author, which provides causes of depression among college students in ” Depression and Anxiety Among College Students” and the treatments of the subject in “Depression Treatment.” They both have connections to one another and explains the same topic.

A source that I excluded while conducting my research was “Major Depression” (https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression.shtml) because it does not clearly relate to my research question. It mainly focuses on depression and its prevalence in the United States but does not provide explanations and connections to the concerns of college students. Next, a source that I am considering to use is “Depression and College Students” (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4527955/) because it links to my research question, but at the same time, I am also thinking about using too many sources, that might cover the same stuff. However, it is a good source because it provides useful data about the problem I am looking for, which is also related to my intended goal. It is reliable because it has been peer-reviewed and contains citations supporting it.

After all, I don’t think I missed anything in my research because I tried to complete my sources at first and to give me a general idea of what I am going to talk about in my paper. Since I like to do things at a stretch to reduce my time next week when I write my first draft, so I think it will be easier to carry all my sources with me now. However, I am considering giving “Depression and College Students” since it would give a lot of information to my audience and to myself while writing the research.

Works Cited

“Depression and College Students.” National Institute of Mental Health, 2012, infocenter.nimh.nih.gov/pubstatic/NIH%2012-4266/NIH%2012-4266.pdf.

Duffy, Meghan, et al. “A lack of evidence for six times more anxiety and depression in US graduate students than in the general population.” Nature Biotechnology, vol. 37, no. 7, 2019, p. 711+. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A592073094/OVIC?u=cuny_ccny&sid=OVIC&xid=4020f821. Accessed 24 Oct. 2020.

Evans, Teresa M., et al. “Reply to ‘A lack of evidence for six times more anxiety and depression in US graduate students than in the general population’.” Nature Biotechnology, vol. 37, no. 7, 2019, p. 712+. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A592073095/OVIC?u=cuny_ccny&sid=OVIC&xid=244b0822. Accessed 24 Oct. 2020.

Furr, Susan R., et al. Suicide and Depression among College Students: A Decade Later. 2001, psycnet.apa.org/record/2001-16220-015.

Liu, Yige, et al. “The Relationship between Insecure Attachment to Depression: Mediating Role of Sleep and Cognitive Reappraisal.” Neural Plasticity, 2020, p. NA. Gale Academic OneFile, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A624880387/AONE?u=cuny_ccny&sid=AONE&xid=ca1624b2. Accessed 24 Oct. 2020.

Jeglic, Elizabeth L. “Depression, Delinquency, and Suicidal Behaviors Among College Students.” Crisis, 1 Jan. 2014, econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/abs/10.1027/0227-5910/a000226?journalCode=cri.

Each of my sources gathered have something that they bring to the table. The one I am using as my model is the article by National Geographic, as it clearly explains a breakdown of the issue, explaining what it is, how it works, and how we can fix it. I knew that National Geographic covered issues such as these and is extremely credible. The other sources took longer to find and make sure were from valid sources. The first source I will talk about next is coming from the Marine Debris Program which is a federal US government department which are the lead for addressing Marine Debris. Within their article they have two important sections that I will focus on when using this as a source. One being the impact on the environment and the second being the only viable solution experts believe exists. The MDP as well as the National Geographic both suggest that cleaning up the patch with nets and ships will take too long, cost a fortune, and be extremely tedious with some of the plastic being 5mm small. They suggest that instead the best way to clean up the patch is to prevent more plastic from coastlines and shores from joining the patch. The next source I have is an article published by Nature Communications titled “River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans”. It focuses on Rivers as being a source of plastic emissions into oceans and into the Pacific Garbage patch. At first, I was unsure of using this as a source however it brings up the importance of looking not only to the coastlines but to the rivers as well. It acts as further proof that pollution no matter what kind is connected. Factories pollute rivers and the air, which in turns pollutes rainfall, air and the oceans. The targeted audience of my paper must understand that the problem goes beyond the Pacific Garbage Patch and it is much more spread out than most might think. My next source is from Ocean’s cleanup which is a non-profit organization that works on technologies to rid the world’s oceans of plastic. From their breakdown of the Pacific Garbage patch I found a few of my sources. However, I unsure if I will end up using this article as a proper source as it is mostly a breakdown of the company’s studies and conclusions. Which basically cover the contents of said patch such as the mega plastics and categorizes them. The only part of this article I am considering using is their section on effects on marine life and human society. This part might be crucial in showing my audience the effect to which this can and does affect their lives, however I am still deliberating on it. A source I decided to remove is an article by the magazine Discover which doesn’t really bring anything new I would want into my paper. The only thing I found I would want more information on would be the impact on humans and the focus on the major source of garbage in the Eastern patch being the United States. The Great Patch is technical two parts on either side of Hawaii the bigger one being the one on the East side. I may focus more on that side during my paper, so I may want to look more into that. But this source didn’t provide me with enough credible evidence to base that on. So, I am no longer using it. The next 2 and last sources I will be using come from a website called Nature.com which is the world’s leading multidisciplinary science journal containing reports, journals, and articles from credible sources that have been working since 1869. The first one of them covers new information gathered in 2020, focusing on the plastic fallout that is now starting to vertically transfer to the underlying sea from the patch. The second one is from 2018 focusing on the continuous accumulation of plastic by the patch that is still only increasing. These are important sources for me to use in my paper to show that the issue is ongoing and is only getting worse. What I can conclude from writing this report on research progress is that I want to look into the impact the patch has on human society, and possibly have that as a section of my paper.
Works Cited:
Lebreton, L., Slat, B., Ferrari, F. et al. Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic. Sci Rep 8, 4666 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w
Egger, M., Sulu-Gambari, F. & Lebreton, L. First evidence of plastic fallout from the North Pacific Garbage Patch. Sci Rep 10, 7495 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64465-8
https://theoceancleanup.com/great-pacific-garbage-patch/
Laurent C. M. Lebreton, et al., “River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans,” Nature Communications 8, no. 15611 (June 2017), http://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15611
Merel Kooi, et al., “The effect of particle properties on the depth profile of buoyant plastics in the ocean,” Scientific Reports 92, 1-2 (March 2015): 170-179, http://doi.org/10.1038/srep33882
OR&R’s Marine Debris Division “Garbage Patches” Last edit was 10/18/20th https://marinedebris.noaa.gov/info/patch.html

” How do social, political, and economic factors influence the conditions of American women in the workplace?”

As the years go by, a social issue that has been a point of reference in many confrontations is discrimination, whether for religion, beliefs, appearance, race, gender, or anything else that makes a person feel inferior. In this case, I would focus on women’s discrimination in the workplace ambits and how it is influenced by other forces such as social norms, stereotypes, and culture. During WWI, the United States Employment Service published a list of “suitable work” for women to fulfill the country’s necessities during wartime. During the next few years, women continue doing men labor while they were at war but not receiving the same pay. In 1918 the National War Labor Board suggested that because women were doing the same job as men ordinally do, they should be allowed to receive equal pay, but after the war, the demand for equal pay loses steam. 

I don’t want people to think that I want to write my essay about this topic for the simple reason that I’m a woman disadvantaged in a world ruled by men. I want people to understand that I cared about this social issue, and I want a change. 

In the article “Relevance of Equal Pay Day In the Midst Of COVID-19” by Forbes Magazine, the author how our world changed drastically in the last few months, focusing on the relevance of equal pay for equal work [From Home] in this article, the author studies a recent survey made to 1,500+ U.S. Workers impacted by remote work. This survey highlights the pay gap that exists between full-time remote father and full-time remote mothers. Where men usually earn three times more likely to earn a higher salary than a woman. The world is living one of the worst crises, economically and socially. Parents make the best to educate their children, but living in a world where people support more than one gender because of social standards and stereotypes would not make the world better. Having a better understanding of what equal pay means admitting that they are wrong with the system we all are accustomed to seeing. But, doing nothing is giving your back to a chance of hope and expectation of a new future. 

Because I recently change my topic, I haven’t read a specific amount of sources that can help me, but I checked in the library. It seems that it is a pretty good material to work with. I hope that I’ll have time to go over during the weekend t and then outcomes with my specific sources for this assignment. 

The intended audience for my essay is young adults, males, and females. As the next generation, we have in our hands the direction to change the course of this country. It is time to change old stigmas and stereotypes that our ancestors created and start creating a whole new universe of understanding and equity. For this essay, I would use as my model essay an article called “The State Of Gender Pay Gap in 2020.” Because I think it fulfills and touches all the essay requirements, such as an in-depth analysis of data and sources. https://www.payscale.com/data/gender-pay-gap

Bibliography: 

https://time.com/3774661/equal-pay-history/

https://www.forbes.com/sites/hvmacarthur/2020/03/31/relevance-of-equal-pay-day-in-the-midst-of-covid-19/#2208adf8da0d

https://www.ncsl.org/research/labor-and-employment/the-current-state-of-equal-pay-laws.aspx

https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/09/1072722

Each of my sources was found when I found an article stating the different reasons (policy reasons) why there is a significant wealth gap between white and black Americans. They stated key words such as, “The New Deal”, “GI Bill”, “Slavery”, “Discrimination”, etc. Using these keywords, I connected them to something along the lines of, “how it influenced the racial wealth gap”. I first searched on JSTOR, Gale Academics, and Google Scholar. If I couldn’t find a source, I would search it up under the popular media source category. The sources are going to come together to support my idea of how there are policies that the US government passed that hindered black American’s growth in wealth. Starting from the beginning of American history, my sources explain the impact of slavery and discrimination and how it hindered black American’s growth. There is also the GI Bill and how it was not beneficial to black Americans and they weren’t able to pursue a good or higher education, which is another factor that prevents them to go higher in their socioeconomic status. Another source explains how the New Deal was discriminating and it helped white Americans more than black Americans during the Great Depression. There was also redlining which was when the banks would avoid investments and it impacted the dominant black American neighborhoods. There are also sources about current policies where there is racial unequal taxation. My source about the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) would be my counterargument. It explains how there are current policies that are implemented to prevent the racial wealth gap. Medical care is not available to the lower socioeconomic group (which is mainly black Americans) because medical care is expensive. If the people in this socioeconomic class were to receive medical treatment, they would be in enormous debt, thus, preventing them from doing well economically. All my sources are going to be in chronological order and the historical and current policies are going to connect together to support the idea of why there is a wealth gap between the 2 races.

The sources that I have compiled so far are credible, the scholarly sources are from Gale Academics and JSTOR, they are also peer-reviewed. As for my popular media sources, they all have secondary sources to back up their article. Furthermore, one of them discusses how the New Deal and how it impacted African Americans in a historical way, Therefore, I believe they are credible.

When I was typing my research proposal, I wanted to have all my sources ready, therefore, I’ve completed my research for my sources. While researching, the sources that I have discarded any sources that don’t go in-depth with the historical and current policies that influence the racial wealth gap, because it wouldn’t be beneficial for my essay that needs to go more in-depth with the reason why and how these policies cause the wealth gap.  There is still, however, one source that I am still debating about, whether or not I should utilize it. The article, “Examining the Black-white wealth gap” by Kriston Mcintosh, Emily Moss, Ryan Nunn, and Jay Shambaugh (URL: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-front/2020/02/27/examining-the-black-white-wealth-gap/), although it briefly discusses the reason why there is a racial wealth gap by referencing the historical policies that contribute to it. They also give several statistics about the current racial wealth gap, however, they do not discuss in-depth about the policies. I was debating if I should use this source as an introduction to my research essay as a way to give background by giving statistics.

Bibliography:

Popular media Sources: 

Schermerhorn, Calvin. “Why the Racial Wealth Gap Persists, More than 150 Years after Emancipation.” The Washington Post, WP Company, 19 June 2019, www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/06/19/why-racial-wealth-gap-persists-more-than-years-after-emancipation/.

“African Americans and the New Deal.” Digital History, www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=2.

Blumberg, Yoni. “Obamacare Helps Save Low-Income People from Losing Their Homes, Study Shows.” CNBC, CNBC, 29 Jan. 2019, www.cnbc.com/2019/01/29/obamacare-helps-save-low-income-people-from-losing-homes-study-shows.html.

Austin, Algernon. “Obamacare Reduces Racial Disparities in Health Coverage.” Center for Global Policy Solutions, globalpolicysolutions.org/resources/obamacare-reduces-racial-disparities-in-health-coverage/.

Scholarly Sources:

Herbold, Hilary. “Never a Level Playing Field: Blacks and the GI Bill.” The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, no. 6, 1994, pp. 104–108. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2962479. Accessed 19 Oct. 2020.

Scheper, Jeanne. “Mortgaged minds: faculty-in-debt and redlining higher education.” Radical Teacher, no. 107, Winter 2017, p. 32+. Gale Academic OneFile, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A496085867/AONE?u=cuny_ccny&sid=AONE&xid=e5f883c0. Accessed 19 Oct. 2020.

O’Connell, Heather A. “The impact of slavery on racial inequality in poverty in the contemporary U.S. South.” Social Forces, vol. 90, no. 3, 2012, p. 713+. Gale Academic OneFile, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A294505509/AONE u=cuny_ccny&sid=AONE&xid=24b33315. Accessed 19 Oct. 2020.

 Palma Joy Strand and Nicholas A. Mirkay, Racialized Tax Inequity: Wealth, Racism, And The U.S. System of Taxation, 15 Nw. J. L. & Soc. Pol’y. 265 (2020). https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njlsp/vol15/iss3/1