At the current time, I am writing this report on my research for my essay, I have found 4 scholarly sources and 2 media sources. I found my scholarly sources using Google Scholar and my media sources online. The scholarly sources I have chosen are credible and reliable since they were constructed by experts within a specific field that has been peer-reviewed by others.

For my first scholarly source, I have decided on “Human Rights and Coronavirus: What’s at Stake for Truth, Trust, and Democracy?” by Alicia Ely Yamina and Roojin Habibi. This article states how the effects of coronavirus in terms of the government’s actions regarding the public and the health care system. I feel like this article will be really useful in my essay because it discusses how WHO has never published a specific way, in government policies to prevent the spread of COVID, therefore, each country has to find their own way to deal with this pandemic which can involve in the violation of human rights. The authors explain how not every country follows the same government policies therefore, some governments may act differently in such a case. Also, the authors also state how people are not the same, everyone has their own circumstances, positions, ethnicity, and etc. This scholarly article is useful for me because it shows how the violation of human rights is circumstantial and it depends on several points since not every government is the same and not every person are the same.

For my first media source, “Still Confused About Masks? here’s the Science Behind How to Face Masks Prevent Coronavirus,” by Nina Bai while it isn’t a scholarly source it will be really useful to include the information that is given in this text. Within the article, the author included experiments and data from tests regarding the effectiveness of masks in preventing the transmission of COVID-19. This information is crucial to me since I am writing on how people believe the quarantine and safety measures taken by the governments are a violation of human rights. One of their major arguments is that masks are useless and do not prevent the spread of diseases. Therefore, by having information on the effectiveness of masks I can conclude the validity of people’s claims.

I have yet to finish analyzing all of the sources since I decided to drop some of my sources. For example, I have decided to not use “Indian uses coronavirus pandemic to exploit human rights in Kashmir,” by Omer Aijazi. The reason for not including this in my reesearch essay is because while it is discussing about Coronavirus and it’s affects on human rights, I believe since the audience I am trying to connect to are generally those of the United States. The difference in government and environment isn’t ideal for the audience I am trying to target. Since every government system is different in policies and objectives it wouldn’t make sense for me to use a source that is discussing about COVID in India.

Bibliography:

Cheng, Vincent Chi-Chung, et al. “The Role of Community-Wide Wearing of Face Mask for Control of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Epidemic Due to SARS-CoV-2.” Journal of Infection, W.B. Saunders, 23 Apr. 2020, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163445320302358.  (Scholarly Source)

“Still Confused About Masks? Here’s the Science Behind How Face Masks Prevent Coronavirus.” Still Confused About Masks? Here’s the Science Behind How Face Masks Prevent Coronavirus | UC San Francisco, 16 Oct. 2020, www.ucsf.edu/news/2020/06/417906/still-confused-about-masks-heres-science-behind-how-face-masks-prevent.

“Human Rights and Coronavirus: What’s at Stake for Truth, Trust, and Democracy?” Health and Human Rights Journal, 2 Mar. 2020, www.hhrjournal.org/2020/03/human-rights-and-coronavirus-whats-at-stake-for-truth-trust-and-democracy/.

Additional informationNotes on contributorsYi ZhengYi Zheng is a lecturer in Human Resource Management in the School of Management and Tourism at Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, and ReferencesABC News. (2020). Coronavirus is a public health emergency. World Health Organisation declares. www.abc.net.au/news/2020-01-31/who-coronavirus-global-emergency/11916276 [Google Scholar]BBC News. (2020. “The Effects of Misleading Media Reports about COVID-19 on Chinese Tourists’ Mental Health: a Perspective Article.” Taylor & Francis, www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13032917.2020.1747208.

Aijazi, Omer. “India Uses Coronavirus Pandemic to Exploit Human Rights in Kashmir.” Https://Theconversation.com/India-Uses-Coronavirus-Pandemic-to-Exploit-Human-Rights-in-Kashmir-137682, The Conversation, 7 May 2020, hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:31629/.

After researching I have collected few sources that I will be using for my paper. In this report I will be explaining where the articles are from and the importance of these articles for my essay.

The first source that I found is “Effects of Sexual Violence” is an article by Resilience Empowering Survivors Ending Sextual Violence which gives us information about the effects that rape can have on a person. The article breaks the effects into emotional reactions, phycological reactions, and physical reactions and many ways loved ones can help. This article will help me provide the different effects which will the other articles to show different ways it can be taken. The second article I found is “Recovering from Rape and Sexual Trauma”. This article gives mentions few myths about sexual assault that society throughs at victims. “You can spot a rapist by the way he looks or acts.  If you didn’t fight back, you must not have thought it was that bad. People who are raped “ask for it” by the way they dress or act. It’s not rape if you’ve had sex with the person before.” are some of the myths that creates victim blaming. Which causes victims to get into trauma. This article also mentions few different ways to recover from sexual trauma.

The third source I found is “Being Silenced: The Impact of Negative Social Reactions on the Disclosure of Rape” by Courtney E. Ahrens, published in 2006. The article has been reviewed by many other authors which helps us to understand the credibility of the source. This article provides information about how many victims tries to open up and talk about their experiences, which can cause them to face many negative comments. These reactions can cause them to self-blame. The author clearly states how negative comments from experts or friends and family can change the way survivors recover. “A guide for Friends and Family of Sexual Violence Survivors” another source that I found which was published in 2013. It has few chapters on immediate concerns, how you can help, effects of the assaults. It includes families being calm, believing the victim, giving the victim control, being available for the victim to express their feelings, making sure the victim has support and many more. Communicating and supporting the victim will give them the courage. Which is something I want to emphasize in my paper.

“Sexual assault victims are seeking justice on social media. Experts warn it’s not bulletproof” by darcy Costello and Bailey Loosemore was published in December, 2017. It is about people using social media to share their sexual assault stories. #metoo is a worldwide movement. It has been used by more than millions of people all around the world. “”For many survivors, it was very powerful for them, they could feel as though they’re not alone,” said Laura Palumbo, communications director for the National Sexual Violence Resource Center.” Even though there are consequences that can lead into bigger problem, social media gives them a hope of receiving justice.

Another source that I found is “VICTIMIZATION AND ASYMMETRIC GENDERED POWER RELATIONS: A LINGUISTIC INVESTIGATION OF HARASSMENT COMPLAINTS REGISTERED IN LAHORE.” by Umara Shaheen and Maria Isabel Maldonado Garcia, published in June 2020. This article is about violence against women being normalized in Pakistan. I am not sure whether to use this article or not because it talks about all kinds of abuse and harassment which includes “unwanted sexual attention, gender harassment and sexual coercion. Unwanted sexual attention is verbal or nonverbal behavior ranging from “repeated and nonreciprocal” requests for dates; disturbing calls, letters or emails; touching,”. My research is not including all types of abuse. However, the article makes good points about how women are constantly keeping up with these abusers and not being able to report because of the sake of their religion, culture, family values. Which is similar to the rape victims.

I have not come across any articles that did not relate to my essay just yet.

Bibliography

Effects of Sexual Violence.” Resilience, 8 Aug. 2018, www.ourresilience.org/what-you-need-to-know/effects-of-sexual-violence/.

Ahrens, Courtney E. “Being Silenced: the Impact of Negative Social Reactions on the Disclosure of Rape.” American Journal of Community Psychology, Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers, Dec. 2006, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1705531/.

(n.d.). Retrieved October 27, 2020, from https://go-gale-com.ccny-proxy1.libr.ccny.cuny.edu/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T002

A Guide for Friends and Family of Sexual Violence Survivors. (n.d.). Retrieved October 27, 2020, from https://www.nsvrc.org/sites/default/files/2017-10/friends_and_family_guide_final.pdf

Melinda. (n.d.). Recovering from Rape and Sexual Trauma. Retrieved October 27, 2020, from https://www.helpguide.org/articles/ptsd-trauma/recovering-from-rape-and-sexual-trauma.htm

I have found 4 scholarly sources and 3 media sources. I found all my scholarly sources using the CCNY library database and my media sources online. My scholarly sources are reliable since they are peer-reviewed and are written by people who have a lot of experience in that area. 

My first media source is called “How Are America’s Public Schools Really Doing?” by Valerie Strauss, which talks about the state of American public schools and observes how students are performing. There is a lot of statistics involving confidence in American public schools, standardized test scores, and classroom performance. This is clear throughout the article because it mentions a lot of statistics for the performance of public high schools. This can help me with my essay because it is completely objective as the article utilizes statistics to analyze the situation of American public high schools instead of having a position. My second media source is “Is America’s School System Truly Broken? By Zastrow, Marvin C . This article goes through various issues like the lack of training the teachers receive and how the curriculum is insufficiently challenging. The article addresses the roots of the quality of education within its teachers in that they are incapable of teaching due to the lack of training they receive. This article can show how the quality of American education needs to be reformed in order for students to prosper in their lives. My last media source is “5 Ways Policy Makers Can Improve the Quality of Education” by the school of education presents 5 potential ways in improving the quality of education. It mentions how the United States is ranked 35th in terms of education in the world which shows that it is ranked as one of the lowest in terms of education as it is behind other countries. Students in America are behind students in other countries because our teaching methods are not up to date with other countries. This article can help me with my essay because it addresses good solutions to my question. 

My first scholarly source was The Problem With American Education.” by Marvin C. Zastrow. This article shows that motivation plays a major role in the quality of education. This article mentions other issues such as the grading system, the pressure on students, and methods of learning. This article can help me with my essay because it also mentions possible solutions such as potential solutions to the quality of American education such as giving weekly period length tests, grading all tests except finals as pass or fail, and requiring students that fail weekly tests to attend review sessions until they pass the test. Another solution it addresses would be to implement a flexible schedule within the curriculum so it makes it easier for students to learn. My second scholarly article is “Review of Improving Quality in American Higher Education: Learning Outcomes and Assessments for the 21st Century, by Jillian Kinzie which focuses on the improvement of the quality of education of the United States within the 21st century. It addresses that college is not worth the price and that students are not prepared to enter the work field because of the lack of skills education teaches. My third scholarly article is “A System in Crisis – It is unrealistic to expect a system constructed in nineteenth-century America to provide what a twenty-first-century America needs.” by Eugene W. Hickok which addresses that the performance of American schools has declined over time. Its main focus stems from teachers getting money and benefits and not trying to improve classroom instruction and equipment. Teachers have the responsibility of guiding and ensuring the students prosper and succeed. However, not all teachers are competent in their field which is another issue within the quality of American education. My last scholarly source is “Improving Education.” from the American Association for the Advancement of Science which talks about various ways to improve the education system. For example, it talks about students learning concepts rather than memorizing them, the curriculum students are going through, and the quality of teachers in how they are handling the classroom and their methods. Overall, I feel like all I need to do is to organize all of my information from the sources I’ve gathered.

Works cited

Strauss, Valerie. “Perspective | How Are America’s Public Schools Really Doing?” The Washington Post, WP Company, 15 Oct. 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/education/2018/10/15/how-are-americas-public-schools-really-doing/. 

 Zastrow, Marvin C. “The Problem With American Education.” Shibboleth    Authentication Request, 1987, web-b-ebscohost-com.ccny-proxy1.libr.ccny.cuny.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1. 

Schneider, Jack. “Is America’s School System Truly Broken?” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 22 June 2016, www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/06/everything-in-american-education-is-broken/488189/. 

Kinzie, Jillian. Review of Improving Quality in American Higher Education: Learning Outcomes and Assessments for the 21st Century, by Jillian Kinzie. Journal of College Student Development, vol. 58 no. 8, 2017, p. 1281-1283. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/csd.2017.0101.

HICKOK, EUGENE W. “A System in Crisis – It is unrealistic to expect a system constructed in nineteenth-century America to provice what a twenty-first-century America needs.” World and I, vol. 15, no. 9, Sept. 2000, p. 22. Gale Academic OneFile, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A64270474/AONE?u=cuny_ccny&sid=AONE&xid=e7e27291. Accessed 26 Oct. 2020.

American Asociation for the Advancement of Science. “Improving Education.” Science and children 36.2 (1998): 8–. Print.

School of Education. (2019). 5 Ways Policy Makers Can Improve the Quality of Education. Retrieved October 26, 2020, from https://soeonline.american.edu/blog/5-ways-policy-makers-can-improve-the-quality-of-education

From numerous hours of research, I’ve found around 9 potential sources to further develop my essay. Each source elaborates certain aspects I‘m trying to address in my research essay in regards to the foster care system.
So far I have gathered four scholarly sources, two which were located using Gale Academic OneFile, and the other two found while searching online. All four sources contain the requirements of a scholarly source which makes them viable. These requirements include that it has been peer-reviewed, the author’s credentials are provided, they provide secondary sources, and the publishers are professors, students, or an academic institution.
The first scholarly source, “Foster Care Placement, Poor Parenting, and Negative Outcomes Among Homeless Young Adults,” will effectively support my ideas because it provides data and information regarding how minors are placed in foster homes, the situations they undergo within those homes, at how it all traces back to the homeless foster kids that aged out of the system. This article will further elaborate the idea on how the where the kids are placed leads to negative outcomes.
The second scholarly article, “Effect of Foster Care Intervention on Trajectories of General and Specific Psychopathology Among Children With Histories of Institutional Rearing,” discusses how children who have been subjected to consistent foster care interventions due to criminal activity, have experienced mental disorders because of it. This will adapt well in my essay because it demonstrates individuals who have experienced short periods of time tangled with the foster care system and how it has changed their mental state.
The third scholarly article, “Serving Students in Foster Care: Implications and Interventions for School Counselors,” goes into further detail about the behavior of the kids outside the system, instead of addressing what they’re experiencing, this article describes their attitude in educational environments. This article discusses how they act in school, what changes their attitude, and how they respond to certain situations.
The fourth scholarly article, “”In the system:” a qualitative study of African American women’s foster care stories,” will help develop my essay because it doesn’t just discuss the life within the foster care system, instead this article brings to light six African American women and their personal experiences, which will further elaborate how they felt during this moment and it had shaped them as a person.
The additional three sources I will be using in my research-based essay were found through consistent research on the internet. They’re viable because they’re all news articles or magazines that were published to address a certain issue backed up by data and research. The first article, “Drugging our kids: RX alliance rewards doctors as drug companies get richer,” will effectively support my ideas because it highlights a form of abuse occurring within the system, where kids are overly prescribed with medication in order for companies to gain more money. The second article, “Sex-trafficking sting highlights vulnerability of foster children,” is useful to my essay because demonstrates how children who age out of the system become victims to sex trafficking. Which relates to behavior because numerous kids aren’t taught how to be safe and cautious in situations like these, and when they’re already living poorly they succumb to it. Lastly, “Arizona sued over poor foster-care conditions,” helps to underline a home in Arizona that has already been accused of being a terrible living space for foster kids, which goes to show that there can be numerous other homes that also don’t qualify as a safe space for these kids.
Originally, I planned on using an article found on The Wall Street Journal website, labeled “Parents’ Drug Abuse Strains Child-Welfare Agencies.” The article goes into further detail about how much of a recurring issue it has become for children to be ripped from their families and placed in the foster care system due to drug abuse. At first, I assumed it would be useful to include how certain kids ended up in the foster care system and how that had an effect on their behavior. However, I came to realize that my research essay is based on how the foster care system had an impact on their future behavior outside the system. By evaluating past occurrences before they were placed in the system, it doesn’t highlight the conditions in the foster care system. Instead it would highlight the influence their biological parents had.
The article “Broken foster care system may be contributing to homelessness crisis,” by April Dinwoodie, discusses the correlation between the number of homeless people and the kids in the foster care system. It’s an opinionated article, but she does include research on why they end up homeless and why it’s important for these kids to find a family. Previously I found a scholarly article that also introduces the homelessness situation in addition to more detailed research and data. Therefore, I was debating on including this article in my essay because it wouldn’t be any new information, it would be a topic I already have sufficient information on.
Despite the research already obtained, there are a few things I want to include in my essay but haven’t found the right sources containing the information I need. I’m still seeking additional sources discussing the behavior recorded of foster kids including how their behavior has varied from when they entered the foster care system to when they got out? I have an idea on what to look for, I just want to find the perfect source that addresses this question in detail.

Bibliography

Brinser, Hannah, and Addy Wissel. “Serving Students in Foster Care: Implications and
Interventions for School Counselors.” The Professional Counselor, vol. 10, no. 2, 2020, p.                             170+. Gale Academic OneFile, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A630064938/AONE?                                     u=cuny_ccny&sid=AONE&xid=b4072ed3. Accessed 19 Oct. 2020.
Chaney, Cassandra, and Meghan Spell. “‘In the system:’ a qualitative study of African American
women’s foster care stories.” The Western Journal of Black Studies, vol. 39, no. 2, 2015, p.                           84+. Gale Academic OneFile, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A428998149/AONE?                                       u=cuny_ccny&sid=AONE&xid=2b5e4237. Accessed 19 Oct. 2020.
Wade M, Fox NA, Zeanah CH, Nelson CA. Effect of Foster Care Intervention on Trajectories of
General and Specific Psychopathology Among Children With Histories of Institutional                                   Rearing: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75(11):1137–1145.                                             doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.2556
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2707957?resultClick=1
Tyler, Kimberly A, and Lisa A Melander. “Foster Care Placement, Poor Parenting, and Negative
Outcomes Among Homeless Young Adults.” Journal of Child and Family Studies, U.S.                                   National Library of Medicine, 19 Dec. 2010,                                                                                                                www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3020041/
Dinwoodie, April. “Broken Foster Care System May Be Contributing to Homelessness Crisis.”
The San Francisco Examiner, 27 Mar. 2016, www.sfexaminer.com/author/april-dinwoodie/
Pitzl, Mary Jo. “Arizona Sued over Poor Foster-Care Conditions.” The Arizona Republic, 4 Feb.
2015, www.azcentral.com/story/news/arizona/politics/2015/02/03/arizona-foster-care-                              lawsuit-child-welfare/22804121/
Group, Bay Area News. “Drugging Our Kids: RX Alliance Rewards Doctors as Drug Companies
Get Richer.” Daily News, Daily News, 28 Aug. 2017,                                                                                                  www.dailynews.com/2014/11/22/drugging-our-kids-rx-alliance-rewards-doctors-as-drug-                          companies-get-richer/
Kamp, Jon, and Arian Campo-Flores. “Parents’ Drug Abuse Strains Child-Welfare Agencies.”
The Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones & Company, 12 Jan. 2016,                                                                    www.wsj.com/articles/parents-drug-abuse-strains-child-welfare-agencies-1452538476
Koseff, Alexei. “Sex-Trafficking Sting Highlights Vulnerability of Foster Children.” Los Angeles
Times, Los Angeles Times, 29 July 2013, www.latimes.com/nation/la-xpm-2013-jul-29-la-                          na- child-sex-20130730-story.html

The sources that I have gathered are found from various sites, where the main points are primarily gotten from scholarly papers composed by clinical specialists, while the others are informed from some reliable educational websites.These articles have believability as they are completely talked about from verifiable cases, or expert viewpoints.

The first source, “What Are the Best Ways to Prevent Bullying in Schools? A new study identifies the most effective approaches to bullying prevention” by Diana Divecha , it’s an educational journal type story published in October 2019. The author is a medical doctor and studies child psychology, so the article is highly credible. The article’s research tests two strategies that are most effective in preventing bullying: establishing a positive school climate and advancing social and emotional learning. The article explains the feasibility of these two strategies, and it  shows the research and results, in addition to suggesting the influence of family factors on school bullying. This article supports my point of view and helps me to prove some of my arguments.

One of my primary bachelor’s thesis materials was a related professional research paper I found on a medical dissertation website, “Bullying, Psychosocial Adjustment, and Academic Performance in Elementary School ” by Gwen M. Glew, MD; Ming-Yu Fan, PhD; Wayne Katon, MD; Frederick P. Rivara, MD; Mary A. Kernic, PhD, MPH. This was published in 2005. The paper, which was researched by several M.D.’s so it is highly credible. It investigated what factors are associated with school bullying including student achievement, school attendance, statistical data including mean, standard deviation and frequency of demographic variables, and psychosocial variables. The survey showed that the mean achievement scores of groups involved in bullying in school and psychosocial outcomes were lower than those of bystanders. Studies have shown that students with character deficits or extreme insecurity are more likely to engage in bullying. The purpose of the PhDs investigating and studying this is to demonstrate from the data that the role of the bully and the victim in school violence is often not what it appears to be. Many teachers may decide that the student must not do anything to hurt others because of the student’s good grades. In addressing school violence, it is important to find enough evidence before dealing with the bad qualities of the student. In my opinion, this essay brings a different perspective to the various factors of school bullying.

Another article I found on People’s University’s educational website is a “Definition of Bullying” which is an objective article about the types of bullying, which are cyber bullying, physical bullying, emotional bullying, sexual bullying, verbal bullying and higher education bullying. Among the laws, national anti-bullying laws exist in every state, although there are fewer federal laws on school bullying in the United States. Second, the majority of statistically reported bullying occurs in school hallways, stairways, or classrooms.Students may also be bullied because of their appearance, race, gender, or religion. In fact, students who experience bullying are more likely to suffer from depression as it leads to lower self-esteem. This article helped me to better articulate my point of view and gave me a reliable point of information for my article.

Another source I discovered was an article distributed in the New York Times in 2011 called “Two Students Plead Guilty in Bullying of Teenager” by Erik Eckholm, which is an exemplary instance of school tormenting. This harassing case occurred in South Hadley, Massachusetts, where six students tormented and even  sexually assaulted  a girl named Phoebe Prince, prompting the girl suicide in January 2010. Two of the students, Sean Mulveyhill and Kayla Narey, were seriously charged with violating Prince’s civil rights and causing real damage, while three others deal with similar to those for youth offenses. The last student, Austin Renaud, was charged with rape. This case recounts the account of how destructive school bullying can be. In the law, the bullying student is also punished by the law.

In the profile “Beyond the Bullies: Bystanders and Instigators Enable Aggression” by Denise Wolk, published in July 2010, the article presents the views of the author of the case “Two Students Plead Guilty in Bullying of Teenager”. The article obviously communicates the connection between the bystander, the agitator, and the abuser. Furthermore, Denise suggests that “The Phoebe Prince case points out the importance to schools of providing training and support for both school personnel and students to counter bullying and harassment both within and outside of the school. Schools have an ethical and legal responsibility to create safe learning environments.“ The case of Phoebe Prince violated the Civil Rights Act and the Education Amendment,  so they have an obligation to assume liability for their actions.  This article was very helpful in explaining the solution to the “Two Students Plead Guilty in Bullying of Teenager” case and the prevention of bullying inside and outside of schools. The ideas in this article fit well with my arguments, so I think it’s a great resource.

Works Cited:

Erik Eckholm, the New York Times in 2011  “Two Students Plead Guilty in Bullying of Teenager” www.nytimes.com/2011/05/05/us/05bully.html?_r=1&ref=cyberbullying

Denise Wolk, published in July 2010, “Beyond the Bullies: Bystanders and Instigators Enable Aggression”  https://www.hepg.org/blog/beyond-the-bullies-bystanders-and-instigators-enab

Gwen M. Glew, MD; Ming-Yu Fan, PhD; Wayne Katon, MD; Frederick P. Rivara, MD; Mary A. Kernic, PhD, MPH. November 2005 “Bullying, Psychosocial Adjustment, and Academic Performance in Elementary School ” https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/486162

Diana Divecha, Greater Good Magazine published in October 2019 “What Are the Best Ways to Prevent Bullying in Schools? A new study identifies the most effective approaches to bullying prevention” https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/what_are_the_best_ways_to_prevent_bullying_in_schools

People’s University’s  “Definition of Bullying” https://www.uopeople.edu/blog/definition-of-bullying/

The sources I have found range from scientific studies about the effects of MDMA and Psilocybin to newspieces about the current legalization trajectories of these substances in specifically North America. The first source I knew of and immediately added was the site maps.org otherwise known as Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies which was an organization designed specifically for the study of psychedelics in a clinical setting. I knew of this organization prior to my research because it has become quite famous for the amount of money it raised this past year from private donations. This source is at the forefront for psychedelic research mainly because they have the funding to actually run research trials. Most researchers who want to do studies with psychedelics struggle in finding someone to fund them so most of the new reputable studies come straight from MAPS. This source and its various studies will make the backbone of my paper analyzing the basics of these substances to better understand them. The main focal point of my paper will be what we understand already about these substances so good research trials are integral for this to be accomplished. I have another study that analyzed the current climate regarding psychedelics which was found on NCBI (which is the National Library of Medicine). This study is good because it helps me clarify the different factors that psychedelics have to overcome even with empirical studies of positive effects. It will also be integral in my paper because it will help me conceptualize the former studies on these psychedelics and their effects and link that with the legalization process that are transpiring around North America. I have added to this repertoire three different common news organizations perspectives on the issue of psychedelic legalization. They are unfortunately all left leaning organizations, Rolling Stone, Vox, and Vice respectively. It would be helpful to have a convservative viewpoint but in regards to psychedelics it is difficult to find one that is not rampant with stereotypes and misinformation. These three articles will help me paint the picture of the legalization process and give it the social perspective I believe psychedelics need in order to better be understood. I have paired this with two final sources. The first is an op-ed from the NYTimes about why NOT to legalize Psychedelic mushrooms which is important to my paper to diversify the viewpoints. The final resource is the California Psilocybin Decriminalization Initiative which I believe is an important part of what is going on politically and socially within California. It will help my paper by showing what a petition in favor of psychedelics is really asking by showing a real example of one. This will tie out my whole paper by providing a real life example of the base behind psychedelics and how they wield their intentions. I considered using another article from Fox News about the recent Oregon Psilocybin option for legalization on their ballot but it was so hard to find a good place in my paper for it because of the fact that their bias is so hard to ignore. I settled on trying to find something from another new source as I think that would help me form a better paper and I ended up with an Op-Ed from the NYTimes. I think I may be missing some more impressive sources in regards to my legalization articles and I think I will do some more digging in regards to that because there is so much that is going on in the small political realms across North America that those three articles may not do the scope of interest justice. 

Bibliography:

• Byock, Ira. “Taking Psychedelics Seriously.” Journal of Palliative Medicine, vol. 21, no. 4, Apr. 2018, pp. 417–421, 10.1089/jpm.2017.0684.
• “Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies.” MAPS, 2019, maps.org/.
• Margolin, Shelby Hartman, Madison, et al. “First, It Was Weed — Now, Voters Have a Chance for Legal Psychedelics.” Rolling Stone, 23 Oct. 2020, www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/lsd-psilocybin-psychedelics-legal-ballot-election-1079488/.
• Lopez, German. “2020’s Psychedelic Drug Ballot Measures, Explained.” Vox, 20 Oct. 2020, www.vox.com/future-perfect/21509465/psychedelic-magic-mushrooms-psilocybin-medical-legalization-decriminalization-oregon-washington-dc. Accessed 26 Oct. 2020.
• Semely, John. “After Legal Win, What’s Next for Magic Mushrooms?” Www.Vice.Com, 17 Aug. 2020, www.vice.com/en/article/jgxkwg/after-legal-win-whats-next-for-magic-mushrooms.
• “Home.” Decriminalize California, decrimca.org/?v=f24485ae434a. Accessed 26 Oct. 2020.
• Pollan, Michael. “Opinion | Michael Pollan: Not So Fast on Psychedelic Mushrooms.” The New York Times, 10 May 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/05/10/opinion/denver-mushrooms-psilocybin.html.

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I have read and reviewed nine articles that could potentially help me write my research paper that is about divorce. Six of the articles are from general search engines, and three are from databases.

The first source I found was on a website that advertised family attorneys. I understand that this may create bias in their word choices, but I did find a lot of useful statistics on their page that will help me introduce my topic. My next source is from a nonprofit that talks about the effects of divorce on a child’s education. This will be useful for me because it outlines many short and long term effects regarding a child’s learning ability as well as their interaction with others in academia. I also used the Verywell Family website which gave a brief description of the different responses between young children, grade school children, and adolescents. Since the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child defines a child as “a human being below the age of 18 years”, this distinction within the term “child” can help my research be more specific when it comes to certain effects. This website also talks about the potential mental and behavioral problems a child might encounter after a divorce which serves as good information for my topic. 

For my scholarly sources, I first went to Gale Academic OneFile, and found the article “Helping children survive divorce”. This article is relevant to my topic because it went through all of the aspects parents should take after a divorce to ensure that their child is well. This article also gave some statistics which will be helpful for me to include in my paper. Then I used JSTOR and found two similar but very useful book excerpts. Both of these books talked about how divorce itself wasn’t necessarily what traumatizes a child, but more so certain aspects postdivorce. Both of these excerpts included inter-parental conflict, parenting, and parent’s mental health. One goes into detail about how genetic effects may affect a child’s reaction as well as policies such as child custody and child support. The other talks about the financial impact of the divorce and children’s own perceptions about the divorce. Since both of these works have been published they are very reliable and also go into a lot of depth into the research I’m doing. These two excerpts have been the most useful to me so far.

There are two sources that I decided to discard. The first is a source from the Journal of Adolescent Health. I decided not to use this because their research is inconclusive and they clearly express that they have a lot more knowns than unknowns. Therefore, this would not add anything to my paper. The other source that I decided not to use is an article from NY Times that is dated to be from 1984. I actually really wanted to use this article because it talked about the short term effects of divorce on young children versus older adolescents that are still considered children. It discussed the mental health of both groups after five years and ten years and found interesting conclusions. However, as much as I wanted to use this information, it is outdated, and when writing a research paper, it’s best to use sources preferably within ten years. Also, after reading the scholarly articles I’ve mentioned before, it reminded me that the methodologies of this time may be very different from the present, and thus may also have impacted this research. In the end, I decided it would be best to rely on a more recent article.

One of the sources that I’m not sure about using is the one I found on APA Psyc Net which has findings that indicate that nonresident fatherhood leads to an earlier sexual debut for girls that is likely explained by weak parental monitoring rather than an accelerated reproductive strategy. Although this book may hold some interesting information about divorce and its effects on young girls, I believe that a lot of what may be talked about, such as the weak parental monitoring, has already been covered in the scholarly sources I have previously mentioned.

My research is missing one more scholarly article. I also noticed that I have a lot more information about the short term effects of divorce and comparably less information on long term effects. Therefore, I plan to find a scholarly article that focuses on these long term effects I’m missing.

Bibliography;

“Divorce Statistics and Facts: What Affects Divorce Rates in the U.S.?” Wilkinson & Finkbeiner, LLP, 12 Aug. 2020, www.wf-lawyers.com/divorce-statistics-and-facts/. 

“Effects of Divorce on Children’s Education.” Effects of Divorce on Children’s Education [Marripedia], marripedia.org/effects_of_divorce_on_children_s_education. 

Morin, Amy. “The Psychological Effects of Divorce on Children.” Verywell Family, 6 Aug. 2019, www.verywellfamily.com/psychological-effects-of-divorce-on-kids-4140170. 

Sammons, William A. H., and Jennifer Lewis. “Helping children survive divorce.” Contemporary Pediatrics, vol. 18, no. 3, Mar. 2001, p. 103. Gale Academic OneFile, https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A72698971/AONE?u=cuny_ccny&sid=AONE&xid=a591d0f9. Accessed 26 Oct. 2020.

Lansford, Jennifer E. “Parental Divorce and Children’s Adjustment.” JSTOR, Sage Publications, Inc., Mar. 2009, www.jstor.org/stable/40212308. 

Rappaport, Sol R. “Deconstructing the Impact of Divorce on Children.” JSTOR, American Bar Association, 2013, www.jstor.org/stable/24576133. 

Donahue, Kelly, et al. “Early Exposure to Parents’ Relationship Instability: Implications for Sexual Behavior and Depression in Adolescence.” Journal of Adolescent Health, 11 June 2010, www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(10)00203-X/fulltext. 

Blakeslee, Sandra. “MAJOR STUDY ASSESSES THE CHILDREN OF DIVORCE.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 10 Apr. 1984, www.nytimes.com/1984/04/10/science/major-study-assesses-the-children-of-divorce-by-sandra-blakeslee.html. 

Ryan, R. M. “APA PsycNet.” American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association, 2015, doi.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fa0038562. 

How does broken window policing affect crime and quality of life in American cities?
Broken windows policing is a way of policing where they focus on eliminating small disorders such as graffiti and loitering to lower more serious crimes like robbery. It is a theory where disorder attracts a sense that the area is not under control which allows for people to commit a crime.

Most of my sources came from google scholar and google search itself. The first source I have picked from google scholar is a website from George Mason University center for evidence-based crime policy. This source is deemed viable and very trustworthy just from the list of their own resources which also helped me in finding some scholarly sources. It talks about what broken window policing is right away and then provided various examples and evidence of broken windows policing and how well they worked as well as any off variables that could have made the broken windows policing fail. That would greatly help me in my research as it easily lists a few key points already. It lists 7 examples of the policing theory with 3 successful results, 3 with no significant result, and one that had a mixed result of both, which is very balanced in terms of if broken windows policing will affect crime and quality of life in America with great results or none at all.

The second scholarly source is a civic report made by multiple people involved in criminal justice and police institutions. It is a fantastic analysis of everything police-related starting from the beginning questioning of the impact of police. It compares zero-tolerance policing against broken windows policing. Zero tolerance policing is completely different because it is the police following very strictly on the law and will punish people no matter how small of a crime they have committed to lower crime rates. This source analyzes multiple examples of both theories and will help immensely with my research in comparing how much of an effect the broken window policing has compared to other ways of policing.

The third scholarly source is a critical analysis of the Broken windows policing in new york city and its impact which resembles very closely to my research question. There are detailed observations made and said in this source which includes how the broken windows policing had consistently linked to declines in violent crime. Several other observations and analysis also proved to be very useful in my research and helps to present factual evidence of the positive effects on broken windows policing.

The last three sources are based on magazines, journals, and news. All of which I have found a great use for evidence and support several ideas. One of which talks about how unstable and murky the broken windows policing is and even gives way for racial profiling within communities, they provide thoughts from many people questioning how far stretched is the idea of people going towards violence all because of litter and other small disorders. Other sources talk about other justice programs that incorporate the broken windows theory ending with success, which gives me another idea to include in my research essay.

I have skimmed through the titles of many sources presented to me on google scholar and had only clicked on 4 that I am currently using because of its relation to my topic. I chose not to use several media sources because it was too general and didn’t contain anything special from other sources. I don’t believe I am missing anything in my research so far or at least I have not thought about it.

Bibliography-

Kelling, George, et al. “Do Police Matter? An analysis of the Impact of New York City’s Police Reforms.” Civic Report, 22 December 2001, https://media4.manhattan-institute.org/pdf/cr_22.pdf.

C. Kamalu, Ngozi, et al. “A Critical Analysis of the ‘Broken Windows’ Policing in New York City and Its Impact: Implications for the Criminal Justice System and the
African American Community” African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies: AJCJS, April 2018, https://www.umes.edu/uploadedFiles/_WEBSITES/AJCJS/Content/VOL%2011%20KAMALU%20FINAL.pdf

E. Harcourt, Bernard, et al. “Broken Windows: New Evidence from New York City and a Five-City Social Experiment.” The Law School The University of Chicago, June 2005, https://poseidon01.ssrn.com/delivery.php?ID=968120070017098018064091015076094081127015066012065038099102065095067122118102086000019101125033110002058119102114066024085031049006061031086012079074084070119009016039084127000026116082116112118004087119086105076097086120024071005101122027031025&EXT=pdf.

“Broken Windows Policing.”The Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy (CEBCP), cebcp.org/evidence-based-policing/what-works-in-policing/research-evidence-review/broken-windows-policing/.

Kelling, George, et al. “Don’t Blame My ‘Broken Windows’ Theory For Poor Policing.” POLITICO Magazine, 11 Aug. 2015, www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/08/broken-windows-theory-poor-policing-ferguson-kelling-121268.

Matt DeLisi, Coordinator of Criminal Justice Studies, Dean’s Professor in the Department of Sociology. “Broken Windows Works.” City Journal, 30 May 2019, www.city-journal.org/broken-windows-policing-works.

O’Brien, Dan. “Break the ‘Broken Windows’ Spell: The Policing Theory Made Famous in New York City under Giuliani and Bratton Doesn’t Hold up to Scrutiny.” Nydailynews.com, 26 May 2019, www.nydailynews.com/opinion/ny-oped-break-the-broken-windows-spell-20190526-ulwcdd7fnjg4fgv6dnskls6vhi-story.html.